A global hunt for genes that influence heart disease risk has uncovered 157 changes in human DNA that alter the levels of cholesterol and other blood fats—a discovery that could lead to new medications.
Each of the changes points to genes that can modify levels of cholesterol and other blood fats and are potential drug targets. Many of the changes point to genes not previously linked to blood fats, also called lipids. A surprising number of the variations were also associated with coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity and high blood pressure.
The research also reveals that triglycerides—another type of blood lipid—play a larger role in heart disease risk than previously thought.
The results, published in two new papers appearing simultaneously in Nature Genetics, come from the Global Lipids Genetics Consortium—a worldwide team of scientists who pooled genetic and clinical information from more than 188,000 people from many countries and heritages.
The analysis of the combined data was led by a team from the Univ. of Michigan Medical School and School of Public Health. They used sophisticated computing and statistical techniques to search for genetic variations that modify blood lipid levels.
The results increase by more than a third the total number of genetic variants linked to blood lipids. All but one of the variants associated with blood lipids are near stretches of DNA that encode proteins.
“These results give us 62 new clues about lipid biology and more places to look than we had before,” said Cristen Willer, asst. prof. of internal medicine, human genetics and computational medicine and bioinformatics at the U-M Medical School. “Once we take the time to truly understand these clues, we’ll have a better understanding of lipid biology and cardiovascular disease—and potentially new targets for treatment.”
But Gonçalo Abecasis, a prof. at the U-M School of Public Health, cautions that it will take more work to study the implicated genes and to find and test potential drugs that could target them. The consortium’s “open science” approach will include publishing further detail online for other researchers to use freely toward this goal.
A further analysis of the massive dataset, published as a letter with lead authors Sekar Kathiresan and Ron Do from Harvard Univ. and the Broad Institute, suggests that triglyceride levels have more impact on cardiovascular disease risk than previously thought.
This analysis found that genetic variations that increase triglyceride or LDL-cholesterol levels are also associated with higher incidence of heart disease. But the analysis also casts further doubt on the role of high density lipoprotein, known commonly as HDL or “good cholesterol,” in heart disease risk. In recent years, many drugs that modify HDL cholesterol have failed to show a benefit in preventing heart disease.
“We couldn’t have done this on our own. Great scientists are usually very competitive, but it is great when we come together and accelerate progress.” said Abecasis, the Felix E. Moore Collegiate Prof. of Biostatistics and director of the U-M Computational and Translational Genomics Initiative.
The GLGC is focused on finding, cataloging and analyzing genetic variations that modify blood lipids and heart disease risk. The researchers had access to a new tool—a custom DNA analysis chip they helped design that allows inexpensive analysis of DNA in studies of cardiovascular and metabolic traits.
Combined with genome-wide association study techniques and the sheer number and diversity of the participants engaged by the researchers, the chip helped make the research possible on a much larger scale than ever before.
U-M graduate students Ellen Schmidt and Sebanti Sengupta—studying bioinformatics and biostatistics, respectively—played key roles in analysis of data, blending their skills to handle a massive amount of data and feed it through powerful computers.
Willer says the new knowledge published in the papers should fuel drug development and experiments in animal models of cardiovascular risk. But in her specialty, probing huge amounts of genetic data, the next steps include looking for “networks” of genes that interact with one another to try to glean clues about the function of the lesser-understood genes.
Looking for rare genetic variants that are linked with the most severe forms of lipid disorder and heart disease is another challenge, she says. The overlap between these rare, serious variations and the more common but less severe variations could help understanding of basic lipid biology.
Source: Univ. of Michigan
Filed Under: Drug Discovery
